Anyathā Jñānam — Erroneous Attribute-Knowledge
Anyathā Jñānam (Sanskrit: anyathā = otherwise/wrongly + jñāna = knowledge; 'knowledge that is otherwise-than-correct') is erroneous knowledge about the attributes, qualities, or nature of entities — distinct from viparīta jñānam (fundamental identity confusion).
Examples: Thinking the jīvātmā is independent of Bhagavān; thinking karma alone determines fate without Bhagavān's role; thinking liberation is self-achieved; misidentifying Bhagavān's qualities (e.g., treating Him as partial or limited); misunderstanding śāstra. These are anyathā jñānam.
Relationship to Viparīta Jñānam: Viparīta jñānam is the deepest error: 'I am the body.' Anyathā jñānam is one level less deep: 'I am the ātman, but I believe wrongly about the ātman's nature or Bhagavān's nature.' Both must be corrected for liberation.
The Remedy: Study of śāstra under a qualified Āchārya (kālakṣēpam) systematically removes anyathā jñānam. 'When the śāstra reveals the true nature of the self and of Bhagavān, all erroneous knowledge dissolves' — leaving the clear mirror of right knowledge in which prapatti can take place.